1. Addition (adding ideas)

Use these when you add another point or example: Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, Additionally, Also, Likewise, Similarly, Not only… but also. Example: “The policy reduces cost. Furthermore, it improves access for students.”

2. Contrast (opposing or differing ideas)

Use these to show a difference or counterpoint: However, Nevertheless, On the other hand, In contrast, Conversely, Although, Whereas, While. Example: “Some studies support the claim. However, others point to different results.” Useful in argument and persuasive essays when you address counterarguments.

3. Cause and effect

Use these to show reason and result: Therefore, Thus, Hence, As a result, Consequently, Because, Since, Due to. Example: “The sample was small. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized.” For full guidance on cause–effect structure, see our cause and effect essay guide.

4. Sequence and order

Use these to show order or steps: First, Second, Third, Next, Then, Finally, Subsequently, Meanwhile, Previously. Example: “First, define the problem. Second, review the literature. Finally, present your findings.” Helps in 5-paragraph and process-style essays.

5. Emphasis and examples

Use these to stress a point or give an example: For example, For instance, In particular, Specifically, Indeed, In fact, Certainly. Example: “Many factors affect performance. For instance, sleep and diet play a key role.”

6. Conclusion and summary

Use these to wrap up or summarize: In conclusion, To sum up, Overall, In summary, In short. Example: “Overall, the evidence supports the need for reform.” Don’t overuse “In conclusion” at the start of every conclusion — you can also restate the thesis and summarize without a formula phrase. For help with essay writing, use our order form and see our prices.

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